October 23, 2025

GLE Achieves TRL-6 for SILEX Uranium Enrichment Technology: Background


"GLE Achieves TRL-6 for the SILEX Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology 
23 October 2025

Silex Systems Limited (Silex or the Company) (ASX: SLX; OTCQX: SILXY) is pleased to announce the conclusion of an independent, third-party validation of the SILEX laser-based uranium enrichment technology conducted by a leading Fortune 1000 technology provider in the national defence and global infrastructure markets. The independent review confirms that Global Laser Enrichment (GLE), the exclusive licensee of the SILEX uranium enrichment technology, has achieved TRL-6 [Technology Readiness Level 6 (TRL-6), as defined by US DOE Technology Readiness Assessment Guide (G 413.3-4A) see below at Background by Pete], following the completion of its large-scale enrichment demonstration program and endorses GLE’s plans to proceed to detailed design with confidence. 

GLE is the first company in the world to have demonstrated large-scale, third-generation laser based enrichment technology under relevant operational conditions, that is, at TRL-6. The determination of the achievement of TRL-6 by the independent assessor follows an extensive testing program within GLE’s fully integrated Test Loop enrichment facility in Wilmington, NC over six months. 

Michael Goldsworthy, Silex’s CEO/Managing Director said: “We are thrilled to receive the independent assessment and validation that the SILEX laser based uranium enrichment technology has achieved TRL-6, marking a major de-risking milestone in the commercialisation program for the SILEX technology. We are immensely proud of GLE, the only company in the world to have demonstrated large-scale, third generation laser-based enrichment technology at TRL-6 status. 

We thank the GLE and Silex teams, and our joint venture partner Cameco, for the significant efforts that have gone into achieving this seminal milestone. At a personal level, I am incredibly proud of what the Silex and GLE teams have achieved and look forward to continuing our efforts toward commercial deployment.” 

With TRL-6 validation in hand, GLE will now turn its attention to full-scale detailed design and disciplined deployment of the Paducah Laser Enrichment Facility (PLEF) in Paducah, Kentucky. Activities over the next year include a focus on preliminary deployment activities, including manufacturing readiness (MRL) [MRL is Manufacturing Readiness Level (see US DOD Guide at dodmrl.com/MRL_Definitions_2010.pdf)] and establishing a US domestic manufacturing base and supply chain to support deployment of the SILEX technology for US domestic enrichment capacity.

GLE’s commercialisation program is backed by over US$550 million in privately funded engineering, design, manufacturing, and licensing activities across North Carolina and Kentucky. GLE’s planned PLEF in Kentucky, is the only new enrichment facility currently under licence application review by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The PLEF, if commissioned, is expected to re-enrich over 200,000 metric tonnes of high-assay depleted uranium tails acquired from the US Department of Energy and produce up to 6 million separative work units (SWU) of LEU annually, delivering a unique single-site solution for domestic US production of uranium, conversion and enrichment. 

Subject to various factors, including industry and government support, a feasibility assessment for the PLEF, and supportive market conditions, the SILEX uranium enrichment technology could become a major contributor to nuclear fuel production for the world’s current and future nuclear reactor fleet, through the production of uranium in several different forms, including natural grade uranium as UF6, low enriched uranium (LEU) and LEU+, and high-assay LEU (HALEU) for next-generation advanced reactors, including small modular reactors. 

Authorised for release by the Silex Board of Directors. 

Further information on the Company’s activities can be found on the Silex website: www.silex.com.au or by contacting: 

Michael Goldsworthy
CEO/Managing Director
T +61 2 9704 8888
E investor.relations@silex.com.au

[and]

Julie Russell
CFO/Company Secretary
T +61 2 9704 8888 
E investor.relations@silex.com.au "

Silex Systems Limited | ABN 69 003 372 067
LHSTC, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights NSW 2234
Telephone: +61 2 9704 8888 | Facsimile: +61 2 9704 8851 | Website: www.silex.com.au"

----------------------------

Background by Pete

In general Wiki explains "Technology readiness levels (TRLs) are a method for estimating the maturity of technologies during the acquisition phase of a program. TRLs enable consistent and uniform discussions of technical maturity across different types of technology.[1] TRL is determined during a technology readiness assessment (TRA) that examines program concepts, technology requirements, and demonstrated technology capabilities. TRLs are based on a scale from 1 to 9 with 9 being the most mature technology.[1] 

TRL was developed at NASA during the 1970s. The US Department of Defense has used the scale for procurement since the early 2000s. By 2008 the scale was also in use at the European Space Agency (ESA).[2] The European Commission advised EU-funded research and innovation projects to adopt the scale in 2010.[1]"
TRLNASA usage[4]European Union[5]
1Basic principles observed and reportedBasic principles observed
2Technology concept and/or application formulatedTechnology concept formulated
3Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of conceptExperimental proof of concept
4Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environmentTechnology validated in lab
5Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environmentTechnology validated in relevant environment (industrially relevant environment in the case of key enabling technologies)
6System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a
relevant environment (ground or space)
Technology demonstrated in relevant environment (industrially relevant environment in the case of key
enabling technologies)
7System prototype demonstration in a space environmentSystem prototype demonstration in operational environment
8Actual system completed and "flight qualified" through test and demonstration (ground or space)System complete and qualified
9Actual system "flight proven" through successful mission operationsActual system proven in operational environment (competitive manufacturing in the case of key enabling technologies; or in space)


More specifically you can find the meaning of:

Technology Readiness Level 6 (TRL-6), as defined by US DOE Technology Readiness Assessment Guide (G 413.3-4A) see DOE G 413.3-4A Technology Readiness Assessment Guide, Posted by the Environmental Protection Agency on Mar 20, 2024 by clicking HERE then Download File then Ctrl+F for TRL 6 mentions.

October 18, 2025

Japan Launches 6th Taigei-class Submarine - Table

Japan uses a continuous build (1 new submarine per year) system. New classes (the Taigeis are the latest) are created every 10 years or so. Production is shared between Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). There are gradual improvements (often in diesel, snorkel, sensor and weapon systems) within classes and between classes.

Also see SubMatt's Updated History & Photos of Japanese Submarines After WWII of January 17, 2015 at https://gentleseas.blogspot.com/2015/01/history-of-japanese-submarine-after-wwii.html It contains a vast amount of Japanese originated information on Japanese submarines. From the end of WWII (September 2, 1945) to June 30, 1960 Japan had no operational submarines. 

From December 1957 Japan restarted submarine production based on US experience (eg US Gato class) and based on long institutional experience building advanced submarines for the former WWII 
Imperial Japanese Navy.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

TABLE

This Table is unique to Submarine Matters mainly created by "S"/Anonymous and Pete.

Japan's Diesel-Electric Classes of Submarine (SSKs)

The 2nd Oyashio class, Soryus & Taigeis as at October 18, 2025. 

SS
No.
Diesel Type
Motor
Build No
Name
Pennant
No.
Ministry of Finance (MoF) approved
Ministry of
Defense Budget
in Billions of
Yen (¥B)
LABs +
AIP:
or LIBs
Laid Down
Laun
-ched
Comm
i
ssion
ed
Built
By
5SS + 6SS
now training

Oyashios
8105 +
8106 Oya
shio
¥52.2B FY1993
2 x 12V25/25S 
diesels for all
Oyashio class
(each diesel
2,000kW)
LABs only
1994 & 1995
1996 &
1997
Built
at
KHI
7SS-15SS
8 active Oyashios 
10 subs
SMC-7?
8107
-8115
various
SS-591-600
¥52.2B per sub
FY1994-FY2003
LABs only
 15SS Feb
2004
15SS
Nov
2006
15SS
Mar 2008
MHI
&
KHI
16SS
12
Active

Soryus/
Dragon
class  Mk I
8116
Sōryū
means
dragon
2,900 tonnes
surf-
aced
SS-501
¥60B FY2004 
Mk.1 LAB+AIP Soryus have 2 x Kawasaki 
+ a SMC-8 motor
LABs + AIP
Mar 2005
Dec 2007
Mar
2009
Built
at
MHI

Home
Port
Kure
17SS
8117
Unryū
SS-502
¥58.7B FY2005
LABs + AIP
Mar 2006
Oct 2008
Mar
2010
KHI
Kure
18SS
8118
Hakuryū
SS-503
¥56.2 FY2006
LABs + AIP
Feb 2007
Oct 2009
Mar
2011
MHI
Kure
19SS
8119
Kenryū
SS-504
¥53B FY2007
LABs + AIP
Mar 2008
Nov 2010
Mar
2012
KHI
Kure
20SS
8120
Zuiryū
SS-505
¥51B FY2008
LABs + AIP
Mar 2009
Oct 2011
Mar
2013
MHI
Yokosuka
21SS LIBs Concept
Research
Project
No 21SS built. It was an 8 year research project on LIBs. 1st LIBs sub launched was 27SS in 2018.
   


22SS
8121
Kokuryū
SS-506
¥52.8B FY2010
LABs + AIP
Jan 2011
Oct 2013
Mar
2015
KHI
Yokosuka
23SS
8122
Jinryu
SS-507
¥54.6B FY2011
LABs + AIP
Feb 2012
Oct 2014
7 Mar 2016
MHI
Kure
24SS
8123
Sekiryū
SS-508
¥54.7B FY2012
LABs + AIP
KHI
Kure
25SS
8124
SS-509
¥53.1B FY2013
LABs + AIP
22 Oct 2013
12 Oct   2016
MHI
Yokosuka
26SS
8125
SS-510
¥51.7B FY2014
last SMC-8 motor
LABs + AIP
2014
6 Nov 2017
KHI
Kure
27SS a Soryu
"Mk II" as it
has LIBs. 1st
Soryu
Mk II 
8126
Oryū
11th
Soryu
SS-511
¥64.4B FY2015 
with 2 12V25/25SB diesels (totaling 4,240kW) 
SMC-8B motor [Wispy+Anon
agree it has 640 LIB/SLH modules], other improvements
LIBs only
(SLH type)
Nov
2015
4 Oct
2018
2020
MHI
Kure
28SS Soryu
Mk II, 12th &
final Soryu
8127
SS-512
¥63.6B FY2016
"2,950t" surfaced
2 12V25/25SB 
diesels.
LIBs
Jan 2017
KHI
Yokosuka
29SS
1st
Taigei
Class

means
Whale
3,000 tonne
(surfaced)
8128
Taigei
"Big 
whale
"
Used as
test
sub. Not
opera-
tional
SS-513
¥76B FY2017 (Heisei 29)
Higher ¥76B budget 
may be due to 1st of class many changes. 
2 x 12V25/25SB
says 640 LIB/SLH modules, Anon says 720.]
SLH
LIBs
maybe
960

14 Oct
2020
 
9 Mar 2022
MHI

Home
Port
Yokosuka
30SS 
2nd Taigei Class 
8129
Hakugei
"White
whale
"
First
opera-
tional
Taigei

SS-514
¥71.5B FY2018 
(Heisei 30)
says 640 LIB/SLH modules, Anon says 720.]
SLH
LIBs
KHI

Home
Port
Kure
Reiwa Era 01SS 
3rd
Taigei Class
8130
Jingei
"Swift
whale
"
SLH
LIBs
maybe
960+
8 Mar
2024
MHI
02SS 
4th
Taigei Class 
8131
Raigei
Thunder
whale
SS-516
Impro
ved SLH
LIBs
26 Mar
2021
KHI
03SS
5th Taigei Class
SS-517
LIBs 
19 Apr
2022
Planned
8 March
2026?
MHI
04SS
6th Taigei Class
SS-518
LIBs
28 Mar
2023
Mar? 
2027
KHI
05SS 
8134
SS-519
LIBs
17 Apr 2024
2026
? Mar 2028
MHI
06SS
8135
SS-520
¥95.00FY2024 
enhanced sensors
page 24  [1]
LIBs 
2025
2027
2029
KHI
07SS 
8136
SS-521
¥B? FY2025
LIBs
2026
2028
2030
MHI
08SS 
8137
SS-522
¥B? FY2026

LIBs
2027
20292031
KHI
Key to Table: Table information provided by S = Anonymous to Submarine Matters. LABs = lead-acid batteries, AIP = air independent propulsion, LIBs = Lithium-ion Batteries. 
¥***B
 = Billion Yen. MHI = Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, KHI = Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. 
---

[1] Japanese “Ministry of Defense Progress and Budget in Fundamental Reinforcement of Defense Capabilities: Overview of the FY2024 Budget” page 23 
at 
https://www.mod.go.jp/en/d_act/d_budget/pdf/20240607a.pdf

October 15, 2025

PT PAL's KSOT AUV or Midget Subs? REVISED

Fauzan Malufti for NavalNews, reported June 23, 2025 concerning PT PAL's KSOT "Autonomous Submarine" at https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/pt-pal-indonesia-unveils-its-latest-autonomous-submarine-design/

Pete Comment

The 
PT PAL "Kapal Selam Otonom (KSOT)" in Indonesian, translating to "Autonomous  Submarine" concept, seems to have an unusually large beam and a very prominent sail/fin for an Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Its 2.20m "breadth"/beam could probably accommodate 3 men sitting down and weapons. 
Could it be an AUV, manned minisub, or optionally manned?

Initially it may only have a Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) for propulsion and "Hotel Load" (non-propulsion needs, like sensors) for 90nm range (see Technical Specs below). A larger variant may eventually have a diesel engine and LIBs for the 6,000nm range mentioned below. 

This Indonesian KSOT might have been joint developed by PT PAL, TKMS Germany? or Hanwha Ocean South Korea ? or DRASS Italy? or it may be even a smaller variant of Russia's Piranha/Losos? I estimate the KSOT midget submarine might become operational in 5 to 10 years.




Mock up or prototype? of PT PAL's KSOT alleged AUV, which may be big enough to accommodate 6 men sitting down. The Video here and above uploaded in mid October 2025 by Indian Youtube channel DD Global. The KSOT is being towed on a trailer at the Indonesian Armed Forces 80th Anniversary, October 5, 2025 in Jakarta.

Below and here see NavalNews video, uploaded June 12, 2025, featuring an interview at Indo Defense 2025, June 11-14, 2025 in Jakarta. 




The video above presents many Technical Specifications for the KSOT here. Those Technical Specifications, as at June 2025, being:

"Length Over All: 15.00 m
Breadth [beam]: 2.20 m
Draft: 1.85 m
Deadweight: 37.28 ton
Cruising Speed: 5.00 Knots
Endurance: 18 hours (Final Spec up to 6 Months)
Maximum Speed: 8.00 Knot
Range: 90 nm (Final Spec up to 6,000 nm)
Maximum Depth: 50 m (Final Spec 350 m)

SHIP MISSION

* Surface Underwater & Survey
* Surveillance
* Self Destruction [Kamikaze]
* Silent Attack"

The development of the KSO suggest Indonesian submarines will be, on average, smaller, varying between the small-medium sized Nagapasa and outgoing Cakra classes, small future Scorpenes, down to the midget KSOTs.

Meanwhile Indonesia's part competitor, Australia, has much larger, hugely expensive, long term plans for LOTEd Collins (5 upgraded for what will end up to be A$2 Billion each). Then 3 to 5 large US Virginia and 3 to 5 UK SSN-AUKUS designed SSNs with a smaller proportion of Anduril Ghost Shark AUVs (similar in size and function to the KSOTs). 

October 7, 2025

US Army’s Hypersonic Missile "Dark Eagle" Displayed In Australia

 
Uploaded by US Youtube channel Straight Arrow News (SAN) on August 6, 2025 here and above. 
The US Army’s Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW) bears one of the catchiest names, "Dark Eagle", in the US Department of War’s arsenal.
---

As an AUKUS (Pillar 2) alliance affirming political gesture Dark Eagle was recently displayed in Australia (see a still 20 seconds into the video above). But it probably was not actually test launched there. This was Dark Eagle's first display outside the continental US. Specifically Dark Eagle was displayed in August 2025 during this year’s Talisman Sabre 2025 military exercise in Australia’s Northern Territory.

Drawing from Wiki's https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-Range_Hypersonic_Weapon

The LRHW aka Dark Eagle,[8] is an intermediate-range surface-to-surface boost-glide hypersonic weapon being developed for use by the US Army.

-  Each of these missiles costs around US$20 million.

-  Wiki's right sidebar indicates each missile:
-  Weighs
7,400kg [1]
-  Diameter of booster is 
(reportedly)[4] 0.88m 
-  Operational Range is 2,776km [5][6]
-  
Maximum speed Mach ≥5 source [7]

The USN intends to procure a ship/submarine-launched variant of the LRHW as part of the USN's Intermediate-Range Conventional Prompt Strike (IRCPS) program.[2] 

The weapon consists of a large rocket booster that carries the unpowered Common-Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB) in a nose cone. Once the booster reaches significant altitude and speed, it releases the C-HGB, which glides at hypersonic speeds as it descends towards its target. Dynetics will build the hypersonic glide body, while Lockheed Martin will build the booster as well as assemble the missile and launch equipment.[9]

The C-HGB has been successfully tested in October 2017, March 2020,[10][11] 28 June 2024,[12] and 12 December 2024.[13] The LRHW had been planned to enter service with the Army in 2023.[14] The USN intends to field the weapon aboard its Zumwalt-class destroyers by 2025[14] and later on its Block V Virginia-class submarines[15] in 2028-2029.

The 
LRHW was intended to also be fielded on the USN's Ohio-class guided missile variants (SSGNs) but funding delays and the Ohio SSGNs’ impending retirement caused those plans to be scrapped.[16]