Following Canada's purchase of 3 Oberon SSKs in the 1960s in the 1980s Canada explored the purchase of 10 nuclear propelled attack submarines (SSNs). Many issues surrounding the "Canada-class" SSN rejection are covered here so I won't restate these issues. Instead I'll discuss other issues, such as:
- increasing the Canadian submarine force from 3 inexpensive Oberon SSKs to be replaced by 10 very expensive SSNs always looked like an extravagant submarine service ask.
- why more than triple the submarine force? Was the naval budget going to triple or would major surface ship and some army and airforce items by halved? Subs need to operate in secret and cannot provide the overt show of force provided by surface ships.
- the US would have been aware that the Canadian Navy was vastly underestimating the costs of purchasing, operating and facility-supporting an SSN force. Canadian politicians and the public would only learn the full costs when it was too late.
- Canadian SSKs were more useful strategically and tactically in complimenting USN specialties than a Canadian SSN navy impoverished by nuclear submarine ownership.
- Facilities? Basing SSNs within the harbour of Greater Halifax (a city of 400,000) has long occurred in the Dartmouth district of Halifax. This is at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Shearwater nuclear submarine dock. Bill Casey, former Cumberland-Colchester Canadian Member of Parliament, on August 7, 2020, said Shearwater hosts nuclear subs from Britain, U.S. and France”
- Wikipedia advises: "Shearwater Jetty - docks and shore-based infrastructure largely supports the fleet operations of Maritime Forces Atlantic...as well as providing secure docking facilities (isolated from downtown Halifax) for visiting NATO warships including nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft carriers."
- Temporary docking of US, UK and French SSNs at Shearwater, Dartmouth, Halifax implies some interactive SSN training and operations with Canada's SSKs (were Oberons, now Victoria-class). This reduces a need for Canada to have its own SSNs.
- Was Canada aware that US, UK and French SSNs justified much of their high cost by protecting those countries' SSBNs (eg. conducting sweeps of the approaches to SSBN bases)? Perhaps the US suspected Canadian SSNs would be the thin end of the wedge to Canada building an SSBN force.
- When Canada entertained the idea of building all or some SSNs in Canada was Canada aware that no nuclear country had tranferred a whole how-to-build an SSN package to a non-nuclear country. In the 1980s Canada was considering the UK's Trafalgar-class SSN and French Rubis-class SSN. The Trafalgar used a US reactor design which was non-transferable to third countries. While the Rubis was all French technology it was too loud, slow, small, crowded and only carried 14 heavyweight shots (eg. torpedoes) compared to Canada's Oberons which carried 20 torpedoes.
- If the US (on national security grounds) was not going to supply SSNs to Canada was Canada aware that the Monroe Doctrine still existed/exists? The US would want to prevent the UK or France providing nuclear (reactor) military equipment to Canada which after all was a "Western Hemisphere country" in US eyes. Most people are accustomed to consider the US the self-appointed protector against leftwing or greater European influences in Latin America (eg. in Panama and Venezuela, Brazil etc) and the Caribbean (Cuba always, and Grenada in the 1980s).
- increasing the Canadian submarine force from 3 inexpensive Oberon SSKs to be replaced by 10 very expensive SSNs always looked like an extravagant submarine service ask.
- why more than triple the submarine force? Was the naval budget going to triple or would major surface ship and some army and airforce items by halved? Subs need to operate in secret and cannot provide the overt show of force provided by surface ships.
- the US would have been aware that the Canadian Navy was vastly underestimating the costs of purchasing, operating and facility-supporting an SSN force. Canadian politicians and the public would only learn the full costs when it was too late.
- Canadian SSKs were more useful strategically and tactically in complimenting USN specialties than a Canadian SSN navy impoverished by nuclear submarine ownership.
- Facilities? Basing SSNs within the harbour of Greater Halifax (a city of 400,000) has long occurred in the Dartmouth district of Halifax. This is at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Shearwater nuclear submarine dock. Bill Casey, former Cumberland-Colchester Canadian Member of Parliament, on August 7, 2020, said Shearwater hosts nuclear subs from Britain, U.S. and France”
- Wikipedia advises: "Shearwater Jetty - docks and shore-based infrastructure largely supports the fleet operations of Maritime Forces Atlantic...as well as providing secure docking facilities (isolated from downtown Halifax) for visiting NATO warships including nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft carriers."
- Was Canada aware that US, UK and French SSNs justified much of their high cost by protecting those countries' SSBNs (eg. conducting sweeps of the approaches to SSBN bases)? Perhaps the US suspected Canadian SSNs would be the thin end of the wedge to Canada building an SSBN force.
- When Canada entertained the idea of building all or some SSNs in Canada was Canada aware that no nuclear country had tranferred a whole how-to-build an SSN package to a non-nuclear country. In the 1980s Canada was considering the UK's Trafalgar-class SSN and French Rubis-class SSN. The Trafalgar used a US reactor design which was non-transferable to third countries. While the Rubis was all French technology it was too loud, slow, small, crowded and only carried 14 heavyweight shots (eg. torpedoes) compared to Canada's Oberons which carried 20 torpedoes.
- If the US (on national security grounds) was not going to supply SSNs to Canada was Canada aware that the Monroe Doctrine still existed/exists? The US would want to prevent the UK or France providing nuclear (reactor) military equipment to Canada which after all was a "Western Hemisphere country" in US eyes. Most people are accustomed to consider the US the self-appointed protector against leftwing or greater European influences in Latin America (eg. in Panama and Venezuela, Brazil etc) and the Caribbean (Cuba always, and Grenada in the 1980s).
But people forget that the US sees itself as defender of Canada as well, via NATO, NORAD and more unilateral US policies.
Many of the above issues also apply to Australia in a recurring and often poorly informed debate that Australia should have SSNs - all that subsequently changed with AUKUS in 2021.
Pete
Many of the above issues also apply to Australia in a recurring and often poorly informed debate that Australia should have SSNs - all that subsequently changed with AUKUS in 2021.
Pete
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