Some non-Carol Music...at Christmas, Submarines at End.

George Frideric Handel Zadok the Priest

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Bach's Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring

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Peter, Paul and Mary - Leaving on a Jet Plane
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Symphony No. 9 Finale "Ode to Joy" (Beethoven). Best version, played and sung by thousands.

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Navy Hymn for Submariners (variation on Eternal Father, Strong to Save).
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Have a Merry Christmas, Mid-Summer or Mid-Winter break.

Pete

Poem: Australian Bush Fires At Christmas

This year Australia has been wracked by bush fires for weeks. This is before Australia’s hot weather Southern Hemisphere Christmas. This makes The Fire at Ross's Farm, written around 1895 by Australian poet Henry Lawson, especially poignant.

In this excerpt of the poem a rich farmer (“squatter”) seems to want to let his neighbour (Ross’s) small farm burn. But the squatter's daughter (and his conscience) persuades him, and his men, to save Ross’s farm. The poem evokes the insidious nature of fires and how people can work together to stop them:

"...One Christmas time, when months of drought
Had parched the western creeks,
The bush-fires started in the north
And travelled south for weeks.
At night along the river-side
The scene was grand and strange
The hill-fires looked like lighted streets
Of cities in the range.

The cattle-tracks between the trees
Were like long dusky aisles,
And on a sudden breeze the fire
Would sweep along for miles;
Like sounds of distant musketry
It crackled through the brakes,
And o'er the flat of silver grass
It hissed like angry snakes.

It leapt across the flowing streams
And raced o'er pastures broad;
It climbed the trees and lit the boughs
And through the scrubs it roared.
And with the stock the kangaroos
Went flying for their lives.

The sun had set on Christmas Eve,
When, through the scrub-lands wide,
Young Robert Black came riding home
As only natives ride.
He galloped to the homestead door
And gave the first alarm:
‘The fire is past the granite spur,
‘And close to Ross's farm.’

‘Now, father, send the men at once,
‘They won't be wanted here;
‘Poor Ross's wheat is all he has
‘To pull him through the year.’
‘Then let it burn,’ the squatter said;
‘I'd like to see it done —
‘I'd bless the fire if it would clear
‘Selectors from the run.

And there, for three long weary hours,
Half-blind with smoke and heat,
Old Ross and Robert fought the flames
That neared the ripened wheat.
The farmer's hand was nerved by fears
Of danger and of loss;
And Robert fought the stubborn foe
For the love of Jenny Ross

But serpent-like the curves and lines
Slipped past them, and between,
Until they reached the boundary where
The old coach-road had been.
‘The track is now our only hope,
‘There we must stand,’ cried Ross,
‘For nought on earth can stop the fire
If once it gets across.’

Then came a cruel gust of wind,
And, with a fiendish rush,
The flames lit the fence of brush.
‘The crop must burn!’ the farmer cried,
‘We cannot save it now,’
And down upon the blackened ground
He dashed the ragged bough

But wildly, in a rush of hope,
His heart began to beat,
For o'er the crackling fire he heard
The sound of horses' feet.
‘Here's help at last,’ young Robert cried,
And even as he spoke
The squatter with a dozen men
Came racing through the smoke.

Down on the ground the stockmen jumped
And bared each brawny arm,
They tore green branches from the trees
And fought for Ross's farm;
And when before the gallant band
The beaten flames gave way,
Two grimy hands in friendship joined —
And it was Christmas Day."

Despite the fires, have a Merry Christmas, especially regular contributors and commenters from around the world.

Pete

Part Australian Aquabotix SwarmDiver a Micro Diving USV

The Aquabotix SwarmDiverTM is a Micro Diving USV (Unmanned Surface Vehicle) utilizes swarming technology to act as a single entity. SwarmDiverTM is capable of synchronous vertical diving, is easy to deploy, and has a max dive depth of 50 meters. For Defense and Ocean Research.

Published on Youtube April 11, 2018. Particularly gets interesting 52 seconds in -  describes some military applications and ease of use.

To learn more, visit: https://www.aquabotix.com/

About Aquabotix - It is “Based in Sydney, Australia & Rhode Island/Radford Army Ammunition Plant, USA... Aquabotix focuses on the design and development of micro-sized, swarming autonomous products for a range of defense applications where urgent requirements exist. We provide cutting edge, flexible use man-machine teaming solutions to counter persistent, growing, and developing security threats.”

For example:

https://www.aquabotix.com/swarmdiver-nightline.html  “The SwarmDiver NIGHTLINE system was created with special forces operations in mind. The camouflaged, low-visibility exterior and reduced-noise motors allows this vehicle to operate with stealth. Ultraviolet coating supports night-time/low-light environment recovery or lane marking”

and

https://www.aquabotix.com/swarmdiver-stealth.html  “SwarmDiver [Stealth] is designed to covertly collect information in littoral environments where waters may be monitored visually or with a range of sensor types. The low profile of SwarmDiver in the water makes visual detection of the vehicles challenging. The low infrared signature also helps ensure detection avoidance for the system.”

Huge Study on Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) for Submarines

Anonymous has produced an excellent and huge study of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) for submarines. This has involved summarising specifications, advantages and other LIBs qualities  based on recent information in Submarine Matters and Anonymous's own estimates. In this exercise Anonymous has generated new insights. 

This whole exercise is the first draft of a tool that will be refined and revised to increase the body of  information and understanding of LIBs for submarine.

Some of the most interesting data and estimates concerns Chinese and Russian submarines (see the parts highlighted in yellow or redded).

In this first draft some graphical matter and illustrations created by Anonymous and sent to me in word.doc could not be transferred into blogger .html language. Over time we will find ways to get around this problem. 

Much of the most useful detail is in Tables 2. 3. and 4.

Summary 
(of possible adoption of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) in future submarine classes)

§  In current AIP submarine [which have Lead-acid Batteries (LABs) the energy of LABs is considerably lower than for non-AIP submarines (like Soryu/29SS) which will have LIBs]. Soryu/29SS will show best performance at high speed (see Table 4).

§  The LIBs in future South Korean 2000t (eg. the DSME 2000) and 3000t (eg. the KSS-III Batch 2) subs will generate higher energy at ever lower costs. The 2000t submarine will become a strong competitor of the future Type 214 (which may have LIBs).

§  In the TKMS Type 212CD and Italian built Type 212NFS, non magnetic hulls and minimal magnetic field created by batteries will be important.  For those subs the width of battery groups will be narrow to make variation of vertical position of battery groups small.

§  Australia’s future Attack-class may adopt bigger battery groups than Type 212CDs. If Naval Group fully adopts LIBs in the early 2020s, then possible Naval Group Shortfin-for-Walrus-replacement and future LIB-Scorpene may precede an Attack class equipped with LIBs – with all Naval Group classes adopting the same LIBs battery groups. If the future Attack-class retains LABs then this may be a waste of time and money.

§  Numbers and energy (192 pieces, 6.1MWh) of LIBs for China’s Yuan 039B is significantly smaller than reported figures (960 pieces, 32MWh). WB-LYP10000AHA shows excellent performance as Iron Phosphate based battery.

§  Energy level of LIBs (if adopted) for Russia's Lada/Amur-class may be the same as Western counterparts. [This is noting that Russia has made so little progress with AIP (for Ladas/Amurs in 20 years) that Russia may upgrade future Ladas/Amurs with LIBs instead.] 

§  SAAB-DAMEN may well be equipped with bigger [heavier] LIBs to satisfy Netherlands Navy requirements [for more energy in its 3,000 ton A26s to replace the Walrus's] .

§  Currently, safety (=no hydrogen generation) and better maintenance of LIBs are emphasized rather than increase in energy except Soryu/29SS (see SORYU TABLE).

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Figure 1. (below)

Port

Stern

Direct connection of battery groups

Parallel connection of battery strings

Starboard

Figure 1   Battery group arrangement and its connection for LIB-submarine    [Bow above]

Table 1. Definition of terms

Term	Definition
Battery	A parallel circuit composed of battery groups (blue area surrounded by double solid lines in Fig.1)
Battery string	A series of battery groups;
Battery group	A parallel circuit composed of battery lines (blue area surrounded by single solid lines in Fig.1),
Battery line	A series circuit composed of individual battery cells

A submarine has one battery or two battery compartments. Favorable numbers of battery groups and battery strings are multiples of four (4, 6, 12, etc.) for minimization of indiscrete stray magnetic fields [that enemy sensors may detect. Stray fields may also adversely effect electrical/electronic equipment in a submarine.] Figure 1 is a battery consisted of 10 battery. [Pete had to cut out 8 strings to fit on page...Gomen'nasai!] strings where a battery string consists of 8 battery groups.

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Table 2.   Lithium ion battery cells for LIB-submarine

(rev 2)

Lithium ion battery cells are listed in Table 2. The battery cells of FAAM and SAFT are square and others are cylindrical. Square battery cells shows higher efficiency than cylindrical ones. Polymer (PO), LFP (lithium ion phosphate) and ITO show higher safety. The best battery cell of the manufacturer is used for submarine. 

SAMSUNG SDI shows high performance and excellent price by adopting commercial battery cells for EV [what is EV?]. As a reference, Russian latest square type cell (Liotech, LT-LFP72) is introduced. Energy density of LT-LYP (Yttrium added LFP)770 is lower than LT-LFP72[14].

Cell name	Make	Type	D	W	H or L	Weight	Voltage	Capacity	Energy density	Ref
			mm	mm	mm	kg	V	Ah	Wh/kg
SLPB160460330H	Kokam  [South Korea, eg]	NMC PO (*1)	14.8	462	327	4.58	3.7	200	164	1
SLPB160460330	Kokam	NMC PO	15.8	462	327	4.51	3,7	240	197	1
94Ah	SAMSUNG SDI	Prismatic NCM	45	173	125	2.01	3.68	94	174	4
111Ah	SAMSUNG SDI	Prismatic NCM	45	173	125	2.01	3.68	111	204	5,6
-	FAAM	LFP	63 (*2)	-	225	1.51	3.2	65	139	7
-	GS-YUASA	NCA	-	-	-	-	3.6	-	250 (*2)
SCiB™ 20Ah	Toshiba	LTO	22	116	106	0.515	2.38	20	89.3	8
SCiB™ 23Ah	Toshiba	LTO	22	116	106	0.55	2.38	23	96.1	8
VL56E (*2)	SAFT	LFP	54.1 (*3)	-	244 (*4)	1.17	3.3	56	158	10
LT-LFP 72 (*5)	Liotech	LFP	135	30	222	= or less than 1.8	3.2	72	130	14

*1 Lithium polymer battery

*2 Diameter

*3 Estimation by using general data

*4 Estimation by using SAFT VL48E and VL52LE

*5 The third generation LFP. Liotech is Russian Lithium ion battery maker.

----------


Table 3.  Lithium ion battery modules (single module) for LIB-submarine

 (rev 2 - By Anonymous December 16, 2019)
 Pete has removed the < and replaced with less than. As < unfortunately confuses the .html language. 

Various factors including diameter of submarine hatch, curvature of pressure hull, dimension and location of batteries, numbers of battery groups and battery modules (4, 8, 12, etc.), and size and performance of battery cell are considered to decide architecture of battery modules. 

Details of SAFT-TKMS battery group are not reported, but, its footprint is expected to resemble FAAM battery group. SAFT-NAVAL battery group is hypothetical model based on SAFT-TKMS battery group.

Module name	Make	Cell name	Cell	D	W	H	Weight	Voltage	Capacity	Energy	Ref
			number-	mm	mm	mm	kg	V	Ah	kWh
Green Orca	Floattech	SLPB160460330H	14	542	335	541	82	51.8	200	10.3	2
Green Orca	Floattech	SLPB160460330	14	542	335	541	80	51.8	240	12.4	3
M8994 E2 (*1)	SAMSUNG   SDI	94Ah	24	370	588	160	less than 60	88.3	94	8.39	5,6
E3-090	SAMSUNG SDI	111Ah	24	370	588	160	less than 60	88.3	111	9.91	5,6
-	FAAM	-	24	252	378	225	less  than 36	76.8	65	5.00	7
-	GS-YUASA	-	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
20Ah 2P12S	Toshiba	SCiB™ 20Ah	24	360	190	125	14	27.6	40	1.10	9
23Ah 2P12S (*2)	Toshiba*1	SCiB™ 23Ah	24	360	190	125	15	27.6	45	1.24
(*3)	SAFT-TKMS	VL56E	16	237	586	131	less than 20	52.8	56	2.95
(*4)	SAFT-NAVAL	VL56E	24	345	530	131	less than 30	39.6	112	4.43
(*5)	Liotech	LT-LFP 72	36	270	540	222	64.8	57.2	144	8.23	19
(*6)	Winston Battery	WB-LYP10000AHA	22 or 44?	367	687	756	173	3.2	10000	32	16

*1 Voltage can be adjusted by change of cell connection.

*2 Estimation by using various Toshiba [8,10]

*3 Estimation by using various SAFT publications and TKMS LIB [11,12,13]. Footprint of SAFT-TKMS is assumed to be as same as FAAM.

*4 This model is hypothetical. Change battery change through a hatch with diameter of 650-711mm [15], which is estimated from hatch of Suffren submarine, and cell of VL56E are considered.

*5 Estimation based on battery arrangement of Kilo-class.

*6 LYP = Lithium Yttrium Iron Phosphate, WB-LYP1000AHA shows excellent energy density (185Wh/kg) as Iron Phoshate based battery.

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Figures 2. to 7. 

Noting some graphics (like circles) were lost - as they are unfortunately incompatible with blogger html software language.

Battery modules and battery groups based on FAAB cell and latest SAFT VL56E cell are proposed in these figures. Dimension of FAAB battery module is decided based on perspective view of Type 212A and picture of FAAB battery module. The SAFT modules and groups are assumed to be different from SAFT commercial Flex’ionTM Figures 4&6 and 5&7 correspond to SAFT-TKMS and SAFT-NAVAL, respectively. Improvement of FAAB and SAFT cylindrical cells to square type cells will provide increase of energy (e.g., plus 20%).

W=378mm

D=252mm

Width (W) =378mm,  Depth(D) =252mm

H=ca. 1100mm

BTU (*1)

BTU

Top view

Height (H) =225mm

Front view

Side view

Front view

Side view

Figure 2.  Battery module consists of 24 FAAB cells Batter cells (blue solid line) are vertically arranged.

Figure 3.  Battery group consists of 4 layers of [24 FAAB cells]-modules Battery modules (blue solid line) & battery group (double solid line). *  Battery Management Unit = BMU

						W=530mm
					Depth= 345mm
	W=586mm
Depth= 273mm
H= 131mm	Top view				H= 131mm	Top view
	Front view					Front view
Figure 4.  Battery module consists of 16 VL56E cells Battery module consists of 2 battery trays. A battery tray consists of horizontally arranged 8 VL56E cylindrical cells (blue solid line). Inner diameter of submarine hatch is assumed to be 650-711mm.					Figure 5.  Battery module consist of 24 VL56E cells Battery module consists of 2 battery trays. A battery tray consists of  horizontally arranged 12 VL56E cylindrical cells (blue solid line). Inner diameter of submarine hatch is assumed to be 650-711mm.

	W=586mm	D=273mm					W=530mm	D=345mm
H=ca. 1200mm	BTU		BTU			H=ca. 1200mm	BTU		BTU
	Front view	Side view					Front view	Side view
Figure 6.  Battery group consists of 8 layers of [16-VL56E cells]-modules. Battery modules (blue solid line) & battery group (double solid line) are assumed from pictures of TKMS battery modules and data of SAFT battery cells/modules.						Figure 7.  Battery group consists of 8 layers of [24-VL56E cells]-modules Structure of battery group (double solid line) is based on Figure 6 and maximum package of battery modules (blue solid line). Height is estimated from curvature of pressure hull and other factors.

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Table 4. - Structures of battery group and energy of battery for LIB-submarine

 (rev 2)

Explanation - Battery Management Unit (BMU) is located on the top of battery group (Table 3 (a)). Adoption of LIBs does not always provide significant increase in absolute energy of batteries. Increase in actual energy due to bigger depth of discharge in LIBs (80%), easy maintenance and higher safety without generation of hydrogen are achieved for LIBs. As output of AIP is not high, increase of LIBs is important to improve performance of submarine at high speed. Adoption of optical mast provides improved freedom of sections and arrangement of batteries. Here batteries are assumed to locate under diesel generator and torpedo sections.

a	Configuration of a battery group: (BMU ye1low),   battery modules (blue solid line), battery group (double solid line)
b	Make	GS-YUASA				SAMSUNG SDI			SAFT-TKMS		SAFT- NAVAL	FAAM				Liotech-					Floattech							Winston Battery
c	Submarine builder	KHI/MHI				HHI (Hyndai Heavy Industries)			TKMS		NAVAL-ASC	FINCAN-TIERI				Russia					SAAB-DAMEN				SAAB			China
d	Number of battery modules in a battery group	10				8			8		8	4				4					2				2			1
f	Voltage of a battery group [V] (*1)	36				88.3			52.8		39.6	76.8				57.4					51.8				51.8			3.2
g	Energy of a battery group [kWh]	-				70.2 (*2)			23.6 (*3)		35.5 (*4)	20.0				32.9					37.2 (*5)				24.8 (*5)			32
h	Submarine	Soryu/29SS				3000t-class	2000t-class		Type 212CD		Attack-class	Type 212NFS				Lada, (Amur)					SAAB-DAMEN				A26			Type 039B
i	Number of batteries	2				2	2		2		2	1				2					2				2			2
j	Number of battery strings (stern+bow *6)	28+28				12+12	8+8		12+12		16+12	0+24				16+16 *9 (8+8)					8+12				8+12			8+8
k	Number of battery groups in a battery string (*7)	12				8	8		12		12	8				8					12				8			12
l	Energy of batteries [MWh]	50				15.2	10.1		6.8		11.9	3.8				8.6(4.3)					8.9				4.0			6.1 *8

*1 Guideline of (f) and (j ) is 400V< (f) x (j) < 800V considering maximum and minimum voltage of battery cell.

*2 SAMSUNG SDI 111Ah cell and 24-cell module

*3 SAFT VL56E cell and 16-cell module

*4 SAFT VL56E cell and 24-cell module

*5 Kokam SLPB160460330 cell and 14-cell module

*6 Stern and bow batteries are placed under diesel generator and torpedo sections, respectively for submarines except Soryu/29SS.

*7 As battery groups and battery strings are directly and parallel connected, respectively.

*8 As diameter of hatch for exchange of WB-LYP 10000AHA is more than 780mm whitch is too big for crew, WB-LYP 10000AHA may be exchanged through hatches on the diesel and torpedo sections with 6-7m in length. Considering that footprint of WB-LYP 10000AHA is 1.32 times bigger than GS-YUASA LIB, that Type 039B is 80% smaller than AIP-Soryu MKI and that Type 039B is tear-drop type double hull structured, Type 098 may equip with ca. 200 battery groups at most (half of Soryu MKI). So, Type 039 equips two batteries of 6.1MW which considerably smaller than reported [18].

*9 12+12 is possible

Reference

[1] http://m.kokam.com/m/?id=245

[2] https://www.est-floattech.com/app/uploads/2019/06/greenorca-technicalbrochure-144dpi.pdf

[3] Estimation based on [2]

[4] https://pushevs.com/2018/04/05/samsung-sdi-94-ah-battery-cell-full-specifications/

Capacity [Wh/kg] = 94Ah x 3.68V / 2.01kg = 173Wh/kg

[5] M8994 E2 module (94Ah) http://www.samsungsdi.com/upload/ess_brochure/Samsung%20SDI%20brochure_EN.pdf

[6] E3-M090 module (111Ah) http://www.samsungsdi.co.kr/upload/ess_brochure/201803_SamsungSDI%20ESS_EN.pdf A comparison between M8994 E2 module (94Ah) vs E3-M090 module (111Ah) suggests same dimension of 94Ah and 111Ah.

[7] https://www.udt-global.com/__media/libraries/sensors-and-processing/116---Vincenzo-Pennino-Slides.pdf

[8] https://www.scib.jp/download/SCiB_toshiba.pdf

[9] https://www.scib.jp/product/module.htm

[10] https://www.scib.jp/product/cell.htm

[11] https://www.saftbatteries.com/products-solutions/products/seanergy-modules?

text=&tech=&market=333&sort=newest&submit=Search&per_page=24

[12]https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/naval-exhibitions/2018/euronaval2018/6606-euronaval-2018-tkms-showcasing-li-ion-battery-prototype-for-ssk.html

[13] https://esut.de/2018/11/meldungen/see/8260/neue-lithium-ionen-batterien-fuer-u-boote/

[14] https://www.liotech.ru/products/akkumulyatory/akkumulyatory-tretego-pokoleniya/

LT-LYP(http://www.enelt.com/?id=530) is also possible cell for submarine, but, its volumetric energy density is lower (93Wh/kg) than LT LFP72 (130Wh/kg).

[15] Hatch diameter range of 650-711mm is based on the followings: i) DSRV’s ( Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle’s) and SRC (Submarine Rescue Chamber’s) can accommodate hatches up to 28 inches (=711mm) in diameter [https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=rg5UAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA698&lpg=PA698&dq=inch+submarine+hatch+diameter&source=bl&ots=Dq9i9R-_k0&sig=ACfU3U1brgtdDbHdZgjBX0XIPNhO8fLkaA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzoLaH6KfmAhXwwosBHTZ1Aa8Q6AEwDXoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=inch%20submarine%20hatch%20diameter&f=false], page698, ii) diameter of small hatch of Japanese submarine are 650mm, and iii) Japanese is smaller than Westerner.

[16] http://en.winston-battery.com/index.php/products/power-battery/category/lyp-battery

[17] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_039A_submarine

Type 039B Length 77.6m, Beam 8.4m, AIP, crew 36, submerged displacement 3600, double hull structure. 039B (upgraded)

[18] https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/yuan-design.htm

“The battery pack consists of 960 pcs of the WB-LYP10000AHA cells making the total energy of 31MWh.”

[19] From the pictures and perspective of battery section in Kilo-class submarine, size of LAB (D=ca.300mm, W=ca.550mm) and number of battery group (n=8) were estimated. And sizes of LIBs for Kilo, Lada and Amur-class are assumed to be same as LABs.

Anonymous