June 30, 2020

Trump's Russia Links: US Intelligence Despair

Here is part of an excellent analysis by Stephen Collinson, of CNN, on June 30, 2020, at https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/30/politics/donald-trump-russia-taliban-phone-calls/index.html regarding: 

"New revelations stir old questions about Trump and Russia"

Reports that a Russian military intelligence agency [the GRU]   put a bounty on the heads of US troops in Afghanistan launched the President's team into a new cycle of confusion, apparent half-truths and contradictions as a fresh storm raged over Trump's mysterious deference to Moscow and its strongman leader, President Vladimir Putin.
Conflicting messages from the President and his press secretary, Kayleigh McEnany, only deepened the intrigue about what is really going on.
    None of what they are saying clears up an episode that comes as new reporting for CNN from veteran Washington reporter Carl Bernstein lifts the lid on Trump's desperate flattery of Putin, his ignorance of basic world events, the way he was manipulated by smarter world leaders and his "near-sadistic" -- according to one source -- behavior toward female world leaders such as German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
    Bernstein's story, and Trump's unfathomable relationship with Russia -- a nation with which he had past business relationships and which he denies interfered in the 2016 US election -- both boil down to the same foreboding question about Trump's presidency: Does he act in America's interests or his own?

    Such uncertainty is underpinned by Trump's foreign policy -- whether it involves feuding with NATO or calling on the G7 to readmit Russia -- which often seems to reward Moscow's interests. It's also offering an opening to Democrats, who warn that the commander in chief is either incompetent or unfit for office, only four months from a general election in which Trump is trailing Democrat Joe Biden in recent polling.


    There's one constant in each new twist of the drama over Russia that has overshadowed every day of Trump's term in the Oval Office.
    Each time there's a damaging story on the issue, he makes exactly the same move -- dumping on the US intelligence that lies behind it. It was a similar story when the President used a Helsinki summit with Putin to throw US intelligence agencies under the bus over their assessments that Russia had interfered in the 2016 election to help him win.
    ...House Speaker Nancy Pelosi wondered aloud in an interview with CNN why Trump was not briefed on the grave threats to US troops.
    "If he was not briefed [by US Intelligence], why would he not be briefed?" Pelosi told CNN's Jake Tapper.
    "Were they afraid to approach him on the subject of Russia?" Pelosi said. "Were they concerned if they did tell him that he would tell Putin? So there's a lot that remains out there."..."
    ---
    MUCH MORE TO STORY HERE 
    ---------------------------------------------------------------

    June 26, 2020

    Australian "Perisher" Course Officers on Dutch COVID-19 Infected Submarine?

    Australian submarine command officer candidates regularly attend the Submarine Command [“Perisher”] Course held on board the Dutch conventional submarine Dolphin. The course starts in February each year as it likely did this year (2020). If Australian candidates attended the course this year they may have been exposed to COVID-19. If so the Australian Department of Defence and Royal Australian Navy should be asked.

    On March 30, 2020 the Dutch Ministry of Defence reported that 8 crew members of the Dutch submarine [in English Dolphin] had tested positive for COVID-19.

    On April 21, 2020 The North Holland Daily Newspaper (online) reported (once translated into English): "The COVID-19 outbreak occurred during the Submarine Command [“Perisher”] Course held on board the Dolphin. The Royal Netherlands Navy provides international training for submarine commanders."

    A US Submarine Officer wrote that when he attended the Dutch “Perisher” Course in 2005: “I arrived in the Netherlands in early February and immediately got underway...onboard [the submarine Dolphin]...The 2005 Netherlands Perisher Course...included students from Australia, Israel, the Netherlands, Singapore and the U.S.” The US Officer added that “Since its inception, the [Dutch Navy] Perisher Course has trained foreign officers from...Brazil, Canada...[South] Korea [and] South Africa.”

    PETE COMMENT

    So Australian submarine officer students/candidates were on Dolphin in 2005. Were they on Dolphin this year?

    June 23, 2020

    Extra Issues: Singapore's 218SG (Invincible-class) Submarines


    The 218SGs largest cutaway diagram (above – click here for a greatly enlarged image) (Cutaway courtesy https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2019/02/18/invincible-primeiro-submarino-type-218sg-de-singapura-e-lancado-na-alemanha/ )
    ---

    Since SubMatts’ most recent article on Singapore’s Type 218SG Invincible-class submarine Anonymous and retortPouch have provided very interesting extra comments. These are summarised below:

    Section 1.

    Looking at Cutaway above provided by retortPouch, Anonymous has made the following comments on Singapore’s Type 218SG Invincible-class submarine: (hereinafter called just 218). The 218 will not be purely single hulled or double hulled but instead “mixed hulled”. This is with an inner pressure hull steel shell estimated at HY100 throughout but also outer hull sections surrounded by FRP (Fibre Reinforced Plastic). Between the hulls are fuel and seawater buoyancy tanks and such fittings as sonars, other sensors and ejectors as well as tanks which can more safely store flammable/explosive Hydrogen packaged (more safely) in Metal Hydride (MH) form.

    If HY100 pressure hull steel is used (as in Type 214s) this is likely magnetic and allows the submarine to dive to ocean depths with water pressure equivalent to 100,000 pounds per square inch (psi) or 690MPa. This steel’s thermal conductivity is estimated to be 34 W/mK) making it a “conductor”.

    It is possible that the 218 will use HY80 (560MPa) pressure hull steel (as used in Type 212As) which has the advantage of being non-magnetic, hence less detectable. However if the 218 (shaped like a 214 has HY80 steel (like a 212) then the 218's whole hull structure (supporting frameworks and all) will need to have been revised from scratch, rather than closely copying an existing structure.

    Non-pressure “outer parts” of the 218 hull use FRP also called “composite” materials which have an estimated thermal conductivity of (0.5-0.1W/mK) making them semi thermal insulators.

    The following is very complex. Heat from reactions in the 218's Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCAIP is used for heating of liquid inside fuel cylinders. An FRP plate might act as a rupture vessel to prevent  leakage of hydrogen from MH cylinders. FRP plates are fixed by bolts (white spots) not because of non-magnetism, but because of thermal/heat insulation of fuel cylinders in the space between pressure hull and FRP plates. A MH cylinders are encased within a cylinder surrounded by liquid (maybe diesel fuel). Cool liquid is carried into a fuel cylinder at hydrogen loading and cools hydrogen absorbing metal inside the MH cylinders. Hot liquid is carried in a fuel cylinder at hydrogen generation and heats MH inside of a MH cylinder to generate hydrogen.

    Section 2. On other issues - from retortPouch:


    Correction: It turns out Singapore's 2 Archer-class submarines will be retired after 2024, as indicated by 2019 plans.

    Furthermore:

    a) as of 2019, the 218s will not be armed with land attack missiles, however

    b) it is likely, by the phrasing of the author, that it will be able to operate UUVs. Other relevant items come in the last few paragraphs, like underwater submarine safety/codes of conduct.

    218 going through sea trials, shared on Twitter by David Boey, original article here https://www.shz.de/regionales/kiel/neues-u-boot-invincible-auf-der-kieler-foerde-zu-sehen-id28288867.html ; photos courtesy Rolf Dunkel.

    Tpenghui/Faithkeeper confirms, via TKMS marketing that the 218 will have a new design of ultraquiet screw/propeller, and the large ring, as suspected, was to optimise flow, and make it cleaner for the screw. [see second photograph of the IMDEX Asia 2015 model]

    Tpenghui/Faithkeeper confirms that the pressure hull will be steel, however the upper angled "tent", and the massive keel structures will be made of non-steel, non-magnetic materials to reduce the magnetic signature of the sub. [This can tie in with discussion of combination of pressure hull steel and FRG/composites in Section 1. above].

    4) The 218s will come with vertical locks (possibly not vertical multi-purpose locks (VMPLs) but probably not the sail lock solution) to launch divers and UUVs.

    This is an old model photo from the 2017 TKMS booth at IMDEX Asia, taken by Tim Fish/@sweeneygov, look at the cutouts on the top surface of the "tent". [Also see IMDEX Asia 2015 models].

    Anonymous and retortPouch

    June 22, 2020

    Trump's Tulsa Tantrum - The People Failed Me.

    How can Trump "Make America Great Again" if the volk don't turn up? 

    Trump's father, Frederick Christ Trumphis real name :), once told his fuming son that Hitler's last breath in the Berlin Bunker was to blame the German people for failing Hitler's vision - see https://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/defeat/enter-bunker.htm :

    "The German people were about to learn the harshest lesson of all. The Führer's contempt for human life was not exclusive to the Slavic peoples or the Jews, but would soon be visited upon the Germans themselves, because of their inability to achieve the things he had set out for them." 

    Throughout his life, Adolf Hitler had never been able to admit a single mistake or accept responsibility for any failure. And as the thousand-year Reich he founded teetered on the brink of collapse in early 1945, he blamed it on the weakness of the German people and a military organization riddled with timid, disloyal and incompetent officers." [remind anyone of Trump?] 

    "If only they had really listened to him and let themselves be inspired. If only they had possessed the same will and determination as him – certainly everything would have turned out differently...."

    And now we have Trump's Tulsa Tantrum...

    https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/trump-furious-underwhelming-crowd-tulsa-rally-n1231674

    June 21, 2020

    Donald Trump DOES have incredibly high IQ (not).

    The most prominent international news service of an American major ally, Germany, has published an article proving Trump’s high IQ can be compared to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's. *

    Deutsche Welle (DW) reports, June 18, 2020 https://www.dw.com/en/john-bolton-book-trump-sought-reelection-help-from-china/a-53852500

    "John Bolton book: Trump sought reelection help from China"

    "Election help from China, favors for dictators and thinking it would be "cool" to invade Venezuela: Former US national security adviser John Bolton has made explosive claims about his time working in the White House.

    A new book by former US national security advisor John Bolton shows US President Donald Trump to be "stunningly uninformed on how to run the White House."

    The New York Times
    The Washington Post (WashPost) and The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) published excerpts from The Room Where It Happened: A White House Memoir on Wednesday.

    Here's a look at some of the major claims:

    Election help from China

    Trump's decisions were guided by his drive to win reelection, asserts Bolton. This includes a June 2019 conversation with Chinese President Xi Jinping at a G20 summit in Japan.

    "With only interpreters present," said Bolton, Trump switched subject, "pleading with Xi to ensure he'd win" the next US presidential election scheduled for November 3.

    "He stressed the importance of [US] farmers, and increased Chinese purchases of soybeans and wheat in the electoral outcome," asserted Bolton.

    Uighur internment camps 'right thing to do'

    "Xi explained to Trump why he was basically building concentration camps in Xinjiang," China's western predominantly Muslim Uighur province, said Bolton in the excerpt cited by the WSJ.

    "According to our interpreter, Trump said that Xi should go ahead with building the camps, which he thought was exactly the right thing to do," Bolton said, alluding to global alarm over the internment of 1 million people despite China's denials.

    Trump himself signed US legislation Wednesday calling for sanctions over the repression of China's Uighur Muslims, just as Bolton's book excerpts emerged.

    Intelligence briefings rare

    Inside the White House, said Bolton, Trump typically had only two intelligence briefings a week "and in most of those, he spoke at greater length than the briefers, often on matters completely unrelated to the subjects at hand."

    Trump, poorly served by staff (asserted Bolton) "saw conspiracies behind rocks, and remained stunningly uninformed on how the White House functioned, let alone the huge federal government."

    Trump, according to Bolton, had demonstrated "fundamentally unacceptable behavior that eroded the very legitimacy of the presidency."

    Error-prone statements

    Bolton reported that Trump repeatedly confused the current and former presidents of Afghanistan — despite 18 years of US military intervention.

    Former White House chief of staff John Kelly had been asked by Trump if Finland — an EU member nation — was part of Russia.

    According to WashPost, at a meeting with Britain's former Prime Minister Theresa May, Trump even interjected to ask if "London was a nuclear power."

    On Trump's past overtures to reclusive North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, Bolton claimed that the US president cared little about denuclearization and only saw his summits with Kim as "an exercise in publicity."

    Saudi defense to distract from Ivanka

    A 2018 text by Trump in defense of Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman — amid outcry over the killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi — was reportedly to distract media focus from his daughter Ivanka Trump.

    [Ivanka Trump] had used her personal email for government business, WashPost quoted Bolton as saying, although Trump had lambasted his Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton for doing the same during the 2016 US presidential election.

    How did Trump react?

    The Trump administration is trying to block publication of the book, scheduled for release by Simon & Schuster next Tuesday. The Department of Justice sought an emergency injunction late Wednesday.

    But the publisher said the move was "a frivolous, politically motivated exercise in futility."”

    PETE COMMENT

    * Unfavourably that is. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, is considered to have been a genius with an
       acute curiosity about the world - all things Americans' mischoice of President isn't. 

    June 19, 2020

    French SSN Perle Fire Causes & Will Impact Australia's Attack-class Program

    PETE COMMENT

    Looking at French sources (below) and the color of the smoke on a youtube/video (below) the June 12, 2020 fire on the French SSN submarine Perle appeared to be initially burning: of composite material used in the bow; of plastic wiring (see La Provence report below), and perhaps of outer and inner plastic-rubber anechoic tiling. The cause may be sparks from an angle grinder or flame from welding cutting into the mainly single hulled bow, or a short circuit. The fire may then have spread to plastic fittings throughout the Rubis-class Perle including the control centre and composites used in the “fin”/ “sail” and in the hull sonars. This explains dark coloured smoke captured in the youtube below.

    The Perle (Pearl in English) almost 30 years old (since its launch in September 1990) is probably too old to be worth repairing. French Armed Foreces and Naval Group investigations are assessing the cause(s) and damage. It will then fall to a political/public relations decision in a few days, more like weeks or months to conclude Perle is probably a “write-off”.

    Whether Perle can be repaired or not there is increased pressure to commission in 2021 the first of France's Suffren-class "Barracuda" SSNs. One of France’s Rubis-class SSNs is in dry dock meaning:

    -  1 is available to scout ahead of the France’s aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle taskforce when that
        carrier
    returns to sea in September 2020 (probably to the carriers usual station in the eastern
        Mediterranean for air operations over Syria).


    and

    -  the remaining 2 Rubises are needed for Triomphant-class SSBN protection as each SSBN enters
       and leaves France’s Île Longue SSBN Base on France’s Atlantic coast.

    This is noting first of class "Rubis" itself is 41 years old since its launch in 1979 - old enough for decommissioning now. 

    As greater Naval Group company resources are now required to commission France’s Suffren-class Barracuda’s this means less than expected Naval Group resources for Australia’s Shortfin-Barracuda Attack-class conventional submarines. Further delay in Australia Attack-class program will definitely occur.




    FROM “S”

    Naval News includes a Youtube Video (above) indicating at:

    (0:11/2:37) black smoke suggesting rubber or plastic is burning

    (0:15/2:37) A huge amount of steam was generated which was comparable to blaze of USS Miami SSN (shown at 2:04/2:37) when a large amount of heat was generated.

    (0:44/2:37). A flexible welding duct is evident. A fire from improperly done welding may be possible.

    Flame retardant foam presumably was used for the electric cables, but also for other materials (eg: plastic stretcher beds, plastic maintenance sheets, chairs, curtains, rubber-mountings/dampeners for equipment, rubber anechoic coating for outside of hull, etc.). All may be flammable. Arson is also possible.

    FRENCH LANGUAGE SOURCES

    La Croix (“The Cross”) Catholic newspaper (online) when translated into English reports, June 16, 2020 https://www.la-croix.com/France/Incendie-sous-marin-Perle-limpact-sera-majeur-operations-marine-2020-06-16-1201100033

    "The submarine looks like these wrecks that we see underwater," remarked an officer of the French Navy, who is not very optimistic about the ship's ability to return to sea.” 
    The submarine, which had no nuclear fuel and no weapons on board, was badly damaged inside. But has its thick hull been damaged? Will the Perle that came into service in 1993, be out of order? The Ministry of the Armed Forces has dug up the contracts to look at [maintenance and organisational] responsibilities of each entity and the hour is with the assessors. 
    Judicial and technical investigations have been launched and the General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces has seized evidence. “We are awaiting expertise data on materials. The Minister [of the Armed Forces, Florence Parly] wants to have an idea of ​​the options to submit to the President of the Republic [Emmanuel Macronbefore the end of July, " said his cabinet, Monday, June 15.
    The prime contractor, Naval Group, has conducted its own investigations. "For the moment, the origin of this fire is not known and we are examining all the hypotheses ," said an official of the industrial group. The most important thing is to understand and measure the extent of the damage to know if it is possible to repair or not. "
    Escort of French SSBNs which provide nuclear deterrence
    Without waiting for the results of the expert reports, the Ministry of the Armed Forces knows that the incident will have consequences for certain military missions. “The fire will have no impact on operations in 2020 because the submarine activity program had been done without the Perle , its technical shutdown being scheduled for one year. On the other hand, the fire will have a major impact in 2021, and we are working to modify the activity of the other [new Suffren-class] SSNs”, explains Captain Eric Lavault, spokesperson for the French Navy.
    Nuclear attack submarines (SSNs) play an important role in several types of missions, notably intelligence. They support [France’s 4 Triomphant-class SSBNs] which ensure nuclear deterrence at sea and escort [France’s nuclear propelled] aircraft carrier Charles-de-Gaulle, which will return to sea in September [2020]. They can also project themselves into different theatres of operations. This is the case in the Mediterranean, near the coasts of Syria and Libya, or in the Indian Ocean [eg. the Arabian Sea monitoring Iran].
    Three operational SSNs and one currently in maintenance
    France officially has six Rubis-class SSNs since 1983 - five in reality after the decommissioning of Saphir in July 2019. Three are therefore operational, the Rubis , the Casabianca and the Emerald , while a last one, the Amethyst being in dry dock maintenance.
    ---------------------------
    La Provence, earlier, on June 14, 2020 reported https://www.laprovence.com/article/faits-divers-justice/6017078/toulon-branle-bas-de-combat-pour-sauver-la-perle.html

     the Perle, which had undergone an interruption for [long term] maintenance and repair for 18 months since November [2019?], had another ten years of life before it before it was to be decommissioned, like the Sapphire , and the three other Rubis-class SSNs, all due to be replaced by new generation [Suffren-class Barracuda] SSNs.”
    “When the fire occurred, the Perle was practically naked [cut open], only the electrical cables remained, which according to [Armed Forces Minister Florence Parly] could have played a role in the spread of the fire.

    Pete and "S"

    June 17, 2020

    Singapore’s Type 218SG (Invincible-class) submarine ISSUES

    On June 15, 2020 new commenter “retortPouch” made some comments on Singapore’s current 2 Archer-class submarines, Type 214s and, in much greater detail Singapore’s Type 218SG Invincible-class submarines. retortPouch numbered the sections 1) to 13). There will eventually be 4 x 218SGs. Pete has added many links (other than the 3 Key CUTAWAY links, from retortPouch):

    “1) It's almost certain that the Archers will be kept in service for a while longer maintaining a six boat fleet [ie. 2 Challenger-class, the 2 Archers and 2 x 218SGs (due for delivery 2021-22)] . The Archers are said to have had significant upgrades c.a. 2010 for which one particular Dr. Tan Beng Hock won the Defense Technology Prize in 2013.

    2) It's actually very informative to make a comparison between the three HDW/TKMS Type 214 derivatives: the
    "basic" 214, the Turkish 214TN Reis-class and the 218SG.


    Key CUTAWAY links:



    a) 218SG largest cutaway (above – click here for a greatly enlarged image) (Cutaway courtesy https://www.naval.com.br/blog/2019/02/18/invincible-primeiro-submarino-type-218sg-de-singapura-e-lancado-na-alemanha/ )
    ---


    b) Turkish Type 214TN "Reis" variant. Largest cutaway (above – click here for enlarged image) (Cutaway courtesy https://www.monch.com/mpg/news/naval-channel/4361-turksub.html )
    ---


    c) Generic Type 214 above. For Largest cutaway (click here) (Cutaway courtesy http://www.naval.com.br/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/u-214-schnittbild.jpg )
    ---

    3) Comparing the cutaway diagrams, using the central console as a central point of reference for size, we see that there is about a two and a half meter extension fore of the sail, and about a similar extension aft of the sail compared to the generic 214.

    4) The area with bunk beds in the 218SG is almost certainly a reconfigurable space serving alternate duty as Spec Ops hotel, or Torpedo/Payload Room, or part of each at the same time. It is however the same size (between the Galley and the start of the Torpedo launch tubes) as that on the 214TN/Reis class.

    5) [AARONQFW advises that compared to the Turkish Reis 214 variant (ie. 214TN), about 1 meter of the extension aft of the sail is in the engine room, about 1 meter is an enlarged combat center, and about half a meter is an enlarged technology room.] Try scaling it identically and superimposing the images to see. Maybe the 218SG's shtick really is "engaging targets at longer range" as the Defence Ministry puts it, and remote sensing/distributed swarm tactics with UUVs to "sense targets at greater range". Perhaps it is fitted for the DM2A4 ER SeaHake torpedo? See the SeaHake arms-showed here 
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYvt3tU2yqU .

    6) The extension aft of the 218SG sail seems to be distributed throughout the engine room, and in the cutaway it appears to be used as empty space, but the cutaway seems to omit a lot of important things; it's almost like somebody turned off a few layers on a Computer Aided Design (CAD) rendering. We can only speculate (and I encourage you to speculate!) as to what might be contained in the engine room, because it's not typical of the Singaporean military to sacrifice equipment for comfort. If anything their stuff is chronically over modified.

    7) The 218SG might not have a Horizontal Multi-Purpose Lock (HMPL) for Special Operations (“SEAL” diver) delivery; the airlock might be located in the base of the sail instead like the German and Italian Type 212As and the Greek Type 214s. However, no pictures are forthcoming of the 218SG sail itself. There is however, one picture of the 218SG bow during the February 18, 2019 commissioning ceremony on Alamy Stock Photos here, showing that like the classic 214s, the hydrophone and most of the larger sonar equipment is probably housed below the torpedo tubes. [Pete has used a Straits Times' image below due to copyright concerns]. 


    Type 218SG Invincible-class  Bow from the Straits Times, February 18, 2019.
    ---

    8) The 218SG screw/propeller is obviously missing from the cutaway (which makes you wonder why they omitted the screw when HDW screws are very well photographed), and there are no extant pictures of the 218SG's screw. However, the cutaway shows a Propeller Boss Cap Fins (PBCF) in place of the traditional hub, and a large ring like shroud for several very thin, straight blades, probably non rotating. A very interesting device which I have not seen anywhere else. It have something to do with flow optimization, or it might have something to do with reducing cavitation. I recall some years ago on your blog a commenter said it had to do with a torpedo or towed array; as far as I can tell this is not the case since there are no torpedo tubes to the rear, and plenty of submarines with towed arrays function well without it.

    9) The 218SG is quite a thin submarine with respect to draught. It's unlike the German/Italian Type 212A and Israeli Dolphin 1s and 2s, (which are more similar to each other than to the 214 derived series), and is probably not a true double decked design.

    10) Depending on how long you think the Upgraded Västergötland-class [becoming Singapore’s 2 Archer-class] [and the Swedish Navy’s 2] Sodermanland-class Stirling subs can endure underwater, the 218SG has anywhere between 3 and 6 weeks' endurance (half again compared to Archer class, according to the Singapore’s Defence Ministry). My guess is that the rear of the 218SG is used to house more Liquid Oxygen LOX / Metal Hydride MH, or more batteries. If it's batteries, then it's got to be lithium ion, because lead acids are too bulky and there's no point having more of them then. By a back of the envelope calculation, you'd need 13 to 14 tonnes of LOX to go 2,880 nautical miles, or 4 knots continuously at 60 to 70 percent reactant efficiency (which is ballpark for 4 knots for the SINAVY PEM 120kW cells, at 60 to 70kW total propulsion load) for 30 days. This works out to about 11 cubic meters of LOX (and a smaller volume of MH), which is quite a bit but not so much.

    [Note retortPouch later wrote: “Sorry, I forgot to account for cell voltage in the basic calculation, the quantity can be divided by 0.6 for standard fuel cells giving 22 tonnes or 19 cubic meters of LOX, however Siemens claims the SINAVY PEM 120kW models run at about 1 volt cell voltage, which makes the calculation accidentally correct.”]

    The alternative is between 100 cubic meters to 300 cubic meters worth of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Instead of a full LIB solution, the 218SG might employ a very large load of LOX, perhaps up to 20 cubic meters worth for recharging, and a larger than normal volume of batteries, which might be LIB. HDW/TKMS is known to have explored LIBs for the Type 216 [offered to Australia up to 2016 under the SEA 1000 competition], and as early as c. 2009, the below linked Singapore publication states specifically that HDW is researching replacing lead acid with lithium ion. In that case, the advantage would be a much larger sprint/surface reserve battery capability, mitigating the problem with the old Swedish subs.

    See Introduction to Submarine Design by Singapore’s (?) Ong Li Koon, Liu Chee Kong and Toh Chee Wee at https://www.dsta.gov.sg/docs/default-source/dsta-about/introduction-to-submarine-design.pdf?sfvrsn=2

    11) At the [TKMS? Kiel?] dockyard, the bottom of the [218SG?] hull seems to be much blockier than the TKMS-Israeli Dolphin or classic Type 214. I speculate that it might provide extra strength, external reactant storage, and larger sensors. At the commissioning dockyard, I could not find any photo evidence of a side payload bay.

    12) The contract price for the first two 218SG subs was stated in press releases to include logistics, training and the actual construction. At US$900 million per sub, if we assume half the costs go to logistics (spares) and training, the remaining half goes to the sub, which is about half again more expensive than the classic 214s that Korea and Greece received, which went for about US$300 million. The 218SG's construction costs are in the ballpark for a Type 212A but of course this is the purest kind of speculation.

    13) Funnily enough, the diagram of the 218SG linked above, which the Singaporean Ministry of Defence released, appears to be an isometric projection, whereas the 214 and 214TN(?) are both orthographic projections. It's as if they just took a screenshot in AutoCAD and released it to the publicity people. Cheap on the minor, splurge on the major, classic.

    The 218SG might actually be shape up to be the smallest oceangoing capable submarine in service. Its shtick might be long submerged range, long engagement range, and long sensor range in a distributed swarm."

    retortPouch

    June 16, 2020

    French Perle SSN's Steel Warped (?) from June 12 Fire

    Following SubMatts' June 14, 2020 article, submarine expert "S" has made some interesting comments regarding the June 12, 2020 14 hour fire on France's Rubis-class SSN Perle (S606)

    S comments:

    Heating of steel by fire and its cooling by water may result in significant damage of steel [1, 2]. According to submarine design experts, even apparently minor damage to submarine steel by heating and/or cooling might be extremely serious [3,4]. The degree of fire damage to the wiring/electrical  system should also be precisely measured and assessed. Perle will be scrapped if damage is as severe as on USS Miami [5].

    [1] 
    https://www.steelconstruction.info/Fire_damage_assessment_of_hot_rolled_structural_steelwork
    “The assessment of fire damaged hot rolled structural steel is an area in which many engineers and architects have little practical experience. On many occasions fire affected steelwork shows little or no distortion resulting in considerable uncertainty regarding its re-usability. This is particularly true in situations where fire has resulted in some parts of the structure exhibiting little or no damage alongside areas where considerable damage and distortion are clearly visible.”

    [2] 
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jssc/21/84/21_84_67/_pdf “Effect of heating and cooling process assuming fire of steel bridged on characteristics of welded joints of structural steel”, Steel Construction Engineering, vol.21, No84, ”Dec/2014, page 67, M. Hirohata, et. al.

    “For investigating the effect of heating and cooling process assuming fire of steel bridges on characteristics of welded joints of structural steel members, a series of experiments were carried out. The heating under transformation point did not affect the joint performance regardless of cooling process. The heating over transformation point caused the softening or the hardening according to cooling rate. The degree of them was larger in the base metal rather than in the weld metal because the amount of carbon in the base metal was more than that in the weld metal. Furthermore, the change of microstructure of base metal made by TMC process was more sensitive compared with that of weld metal.”

    [3] 
    https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kyokaisi/460/0/460_KJ00002224747/_pdf “Issues on structural material and construction of submarine”, The Society of Naval Architects of Japan, No 460, Oct/1955, page 429, T. Sugimura et.al. (Technical Research and Development Institute, the Japan Defense Agency).

    “USS Thresher sinking in 1963 was caused by fracture of welded parts of pipe of 10cm diameter. Risk of facture must be understood.” 

    -  Also see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thresher_(SSN-593)#Disaster_sequence_of_10_April_1963

    [4] ibid, page 429


    “There are two requirements in steel materials for submarine including welded parts: Standard Charpy strength at -70C and -2.2 C shall be more than 2.2kgm and 7kgm, respectively.”

    [5] A USS Miami (SSN-755) was a  Los Angeles-class SSN 
    which suffering a shipyard maintenance fire in 2013, assessed as intentional sabotage. Inspectors assessed it would cost up to US$700 million to repair. Hence it was decommissioned in 2014.

    S